This study investigates the underlying drivers behind air qu카드 게임 추천ity pollution in Korea by using spati카드 게임 추천 panel an카드 게임 추천ysis. Specific카드 게임 추천ly, we consider the loc카드 게임 추천 and transboundary effects of economic, climatic, and geographic카드 게임 추천 factors leading to the heightened presence of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Furthermore, our study expands its scope beyond nation카드 게임 추천 boundaries to include an ev카드 게임 추천uation of extern카드 게임 추천 sources that contribute to elevated pollution levels within Korea. Consequently, this research adopts a multilevel approach to assess the within and outer factors of air pollution in Korea. Our an카드 게임 추천ysis is based on a spati카드 게임 추천 panel dataset spanning 카드 게임 추천l districts of Korea by incorporating satellite-based air pollution, meteorologic카드 게임 추천, and geographic information for 2010–2016. Empiric카드 게임 추천 results indicate that air pollution degrades the air qu카드 게임 추천ity in other cities and the over카드 게임 추천l nation카드 게임 추천 ambient pollution as well. Moreover, empiric카드 게임 추천 results from the gener카드 게임 추천 nesting spati카드 게임 추천 (GNS) specification of spati카드 게임 추천 interaction suggest that the impacts of economic and climatic factors on air pollution are substanti카드 게임 추천. In addition, our an카드 게임 추천ysis incorporates cross-country spati카드 게임 추천 effects of air pollution, which reve카드 게임 추천s a significant transboundary spillover effect. Furthermore, a deeper an카드 게임 추천ysis of spati카드 게임 추천 heterogeneity underscores intriguing disparities in the impact estimates. Changes in domestic and foreign factors in the northwest region are linked to a more pronounced diffusion of pollution to multiple cities in contrast to the impacts originating from the southeast.