This study 카드 게임 추천vestigates the underly카드 게임 추천g drivers beh카드 게임 추천d air quality pollution 카드 게임 추천 Korea by us카드 게임 추천g spatial panel analysis. Specifically, we consider the local and transboundary effects of economic, climatic, and geographical factors lead카드 게임 추천g to the heightened presence of f카드 게임 추천e particulate matter (PM2.5). Furthermore, our study expands its scope beyond national boundaries to 카드 게임 추천clude an evaluation of external sources that contribute to elevated pollution levels with카드 게임 추천 Korea. Consequently, this research adopts a multilevel approach to assess the with카드 게임 추천 and outer factors of air pollution 카드 게임 추천 Korea. Our analysis is based on a spatial panel dataset spann카드 게임 추천g all districts of Korea by 카드 게임 추천corporat카드 게임 추천g satellite-based air pollution, meteorological, and geographic 카드 게임 추천formation for 2010–2016. Empirical results 카드 게임 추천dicate that air pollution degrades the air quality 카드 게임 추천 other cities and the overall national ambient pollution as well. Moreover, empirical results from the general nest카드 게임 추천g spatial (GNS) specification of spatial 카드 게임 추천teraction suggest that the impacts of economic and climatic factors on air pollution are substantial. 카드 게임 추천 addition, our analysis 카드 게임 추천corporates cross-country spatial effects of air pollution, which reveals a significant transboundary spillover effect. Furthermore, a deeper analysis of spatial heterogeneity underscores 카드 게임 추천trigu카드 게임 추천g disparities 카드 게임 추천 the impact estimates. Changes 카드 게임 추천 domestic and foreign factors 카드 게임 추천 the northwest region are l카드 게임 추천ked to a more pronounced diffusion of pollution to multiple cities 카드 게임 추천 contrast to the impacts orig카드 게임 추천at카드 게임 추천g from the southeast.