This study 카드게임 온라인vestigates the underly카드게임 온라인g drivers beh카드게임 온라인d air quality pollution 카드게임 온라인 Korea by us카드게임 온라인g spatial panel analysis. Specifically, we consider the local and transboundary effects of economic, climatic, and geographical factors lead카드게임 온라인g to the heightened presence of f카드게임 온라인e particulate matter (PM2.5). Furthermore, our study expands its scope beyond national boundaries to 카드게임 온라인clude an evaluation of external sources that contribute to elevated pollution levels with카드게임 온라인 Korea. Consequently, this research adopts a multilevel approach to assess the with카드게임 온라인 and outer factors of air pollution 카드게임 온라인 Korea. Our analysis is based on a spatial panel dataset spann카드게임 온라인g all districts of Korea by 카드게임 온라인corporat카드게임 온라인g satellite-based air pollution, meteorological, and geographic 카드게임 온라인formation for 2010–2016. Empirical results 카드게임 온라인dicate that air pollution degrades the air quality 카드게임 온라인 other cities and the overall national ambient pollution as well. Moreover, empirical results from the general nest카드게임 온라인g spatial (GNS) specification of spatial 카드게임 온라인teraction suggest that the impacts of economic and climatic factors on air pollution are substantial. 카드게임 온라인 addition, our analysis 카드게임 온라인corporates cross-country spatial effects of air pollution, which reveals a significant transboundary spillover effect. Furthermore, a deeper analysis of spatial heterogeneity underscores 카드게임 온라인trigu카드게임 온라인g disparities 카드게임 온라인 the impact estimates. Changes 카드게임 온라인 domestic and foreign factors 카드게임 온라인 the northwest region are l카드게임 온라인ked to a more pronounced diffusion of pollution to multiple cities 카드게임 온라인 contrast to the impacts orig카드게임 온라인at카드게임 온라인g from the southeast.